Michael Silverstein, instructor. Office: Haskell 313; phone: 702-7713; email: mslv@anthro.spc.uchicago.edu (or m-silverstein@uchicago.edu). 

Outline: 
This is a two-quarter sequence to introduce some of the central issues involved in the social scientific and cognitive study of language "use." The first quarter concentrates on developing and using semiotic concepts to understand ‘discursive interaction’ (consequential social action in-and-by language-centered interpersonal communication). We tend (naively) to associate the ‘contextualization’ of language-in-use with a "micro-" sociological perspective. Starting from this, we interrogate relationships of the structured (or normative) and the emergent (or contingent) in achieving intersubjective ‘(co)textuality-in-context’ -- what we will call processes of ‘entextualization’ -- in realms both of ‘denotation’ (reference-and-modalized-predication) and of ‘interaction’ (by-degrees appropriate and consequential social events). We take a semiotic look at ‘ritual(ized)’ social action and its ‘poetics’ of ‘figuration’ (‘tropology’) to understand what is at issue in discursive social action more generally. In this light, we explore what is involved in the accomplishment of social-actional ‘deeds’ (in one tradition, "speech acts") in the communicational "use" of particular words and expressions, showing how ‘intentionalism’ and ‘propositional inferentialism’ constitute folk-essentializations of the problem akin to phlogiston and caloric theories. Then, focusing very particularly on the denotational and even referential function of language, we re-locate grammatical structure in a larger semiotic order of textualities, so as to see how conceptual knowledge is variously coded by (immanent in) language form as language is used to communicate about the world and appears to be integral to conceptual cognition of it. In passing, we treat the functional typology of grammatical-categorial types, as well as the functional differentiation of kinds of word- and expression-classes, each of which by its conditions of use demands a particular type of study and illuminates key aspects of sociocultural context and diverse orders of users’ knowledge. During the first quarter, the relevant cast of characters -- and their text-artifacts -- for example, from Peirce to Saussure, from Austin, Searle, and Grice to Tambiah, Goffman, and Bakhtin, from Boas, Sapir, Jakobson, Whorf, and Benveniste to Conklin, Frake, Berlin & Kay, and Lyons, are called to participate in the dialogue about these issues. 

Building on this ‘semiotic-functional’ framework, the second quarter moves to encompass processes naively associated with the "macro-" sociological order. We begin by concentrating in particular on the dialectical nature of indexicality -- the key Peircean modality of ‘contextualization’ of language-signs-in-use -- to draw out the consequences for the users of language and the forms of their sociality that are mediated by such inherently dialectical semiotic media. Such key areas for the sociolinguistics and social psychology of interaction as ‘deference-and-demeanor’ indexicals, ‘honorification’ registers, ‘gender’ indexes, ‘stylistic’ indexes of identity, etc., form the empirical base. We address how one must study such dialectical semiosis in terms of multiple partial and relational projections: contextualizing (‘pragmatic’) index in relation to ideologically-informed ‘metapragmatic function’al norms and characteristic ‘metapragmatic discourse’; ‘orders’ of indexicality mediating contextual ‘presuppositions’ and contextual ‘entailments’ of signs-in-use; how orientations to (or biasings by) ideological normativity in users and their use of indexical signs reveal "misrecogntion" as an essential moment of the dialectic. We consider the consequences for the nature of such "macro-" concepts as ‘languages’, ‘dialects’, ‘sociolects’, ‘registers’ and other generalizations that organize verbal practice and our understanding of it across "micro-" contexts. In this way, we define the intersubjective conditions for normativity of phenomena of language-in-use, as are understood in concepts such as ‘speech community’ and ‘language community’. This allows us to approach the phenomenon of systematic variation of use of language (so-called ‘sociolinguistic variability’) in relation to the ‘order’ed presupposition/entailment of social distinctions of identities in society made relevant to, or invoked in, microcontextual discursive interaction. Such regimes of ‘functional variation’ define common macrosociolinguistic types of communities, such as those with ‘diglossia’, those with norms informed by ‘standards’, etc. We focus then on ‘standardization’, its modaliaties (such as ‘literacy’ and its various institutional matrices), its ideological perspectives on languages, and its critical sociohistorical role in the emergence of modern/modernizing/modernist, politicoeconomically salient language communities, such as have developed in connection with nation-statist projects. We look at the interesting macrosocial (politicoeconomic) dialectic of the ‘emblematization’ of language in various such projects, when language forms and meanings become sites and cultural mediators of politicoeconomic process. Since ‘language’, ‘dialect’, etc., are folk- or ethnosociolinguistically-emergent concepts (as well as "scientific" ones approached in various analogical or metaphorical as well as structure-centered ways), we reexamine typologies differentiating such (socio)linguistic labels as ‘pidgin’, ‘creole’, ‘classical’, etc., languages in the light of the culture-historic macrosemiotic processes that underlie them, and continue to be the condition of language in the contemporary world. 

Requirements: 
First Quarter - For a regular quality grade: Regular engagement with readings and class discussions. Two take-home essay assignments seeking two short essays of 4-5 regulation pages each time (thus 16-20 pp. quarter total). For a grade of ‘P’ [= qualitative B- or better]: Reglar engagement with readings, as revealed by weekly one-page (plus-or-minus) essay, handed in regularly, of response to/critique of -- NOT a plot summary of -- two of the week’s assigned readings. 

Second Quarter - For a regular quality grade: A (cumulative) course paper of ca. 15-20 regulation pages, on a topic to be approved by the instructor through respsonse to an abstract of the proposed work and a short, exemplificatory bibliography (handed in during first half of the quarter). For a grade of ‘P’: as in first quarter. 

[NOTE: While, of course, it cannot be guaranteed that by having read the material you will follow the class discussions, which are not intended merely to be plot summaries, it is virtually certain that if you do not reasonably keep up with the readings, you will be unable to understand what is going on.] 

Readings: 
These have been placed on ‘Reserve’ status at Regenstein Library. Several of the key sources, from which large chunks will be assigned in the course of the quarter, have been ordered for the course at the Seminary Cooperative Bookstore. 

In every week’s readings, which are listed in a topically and pedagogically suggested order, certain ones are indicated with asterisk (*), indicating the minimal set that ought to be done so as to allow comprehension, if you are otherwise unavoidably occupied. The set indicated with an exclamation point (!) are, furthermore, highly recommended for a good picture of the topic to hand. The others are classics, or important in their own right, and will constitute a good starting bibliography on that topic. Note that sometimes these signs occur in the middle of an omnibus bibliographic listing, differentiating minimal and maximal chapters, sections, etc. 

Syllabus: 
The Semiotics of the Entextualization/Contextualization Dialectic 
Date                Topics; Readings 

Jan 6, 8	The cause-and-effect problem in human discursive interaction: how “what    is said” in interactional context is related to “what is done” in-and-by    using language. Approaches to “contextualization” of  language.  Basic    conceptual distinctions in linguistic semantics and pragmatics.  The    Peircean semiotic vocabulary in terms of the nested process of semiosis    among Peircean 'object’-of-semiosis/‘ground’-of-semiosis relating ‘object’ and ‘representamen’[=‘sign(-vehicle)’]/‘interpretant’ [=determining representamen of ground]; the intersection of trichotomies determining types of signs; how “entextualization,” “contextualization,” and “cotextualization” can be reconceptualized.    Readings:  *Goodwin, Charles & Duranti, Alessandro.  Rethinking context: An introduction.  In idem (eds.), Rethinking context [RC], 1-42.  !Silverstein, Michael & Urban, Greg.  The natural history of discourse.  In idem (eds.), Natual histories of discourse [NHD], 1-17.  *Lyons, John.  Linguistic Semantics [LS]: An introduction: ch. 1; ch.2, sec. 2.0-2.1; ch.9, sec. 9.0-9.3.  !Hymes, Dell.  The ethnography of speaking.  In Ben Blount (ed.), Language, culture, and society [LCaS], 248-82.  Mertz, Elizabeth.  Beyond symbolic anthropology: Introducing semiotic mediation.  In idem & Richard Parmentier (eds.), Semiotic mediation [SeM], 1-19.  Goffman, Erving.  The interaction order.  American Sociological Review 48.1-17 (1983).  */!Parmentier, Richard.  *Peirce divested for nonintimates.  In idem, Signs in society [SiS], 3-22.  !Peirce’s concept of semiotic mediation, 23-44.   !Peirce, Charles Sanders.  Collected papers, vol. 2, Elements of logic, sec. 227-32; 243-65; 274-307.
Jan 13,15	Ritually (and ritualizedly) effective semiosis: when cotextualization of signs entails its own contextualization. Jakobsonian "poetics" and its component concepts: densely laminated metricalization; metasemantic figuration as cotextually-driven; the architectonics of denotational entextualization as textual metapragmatics; design and possibilities for compositionality. From Jakobsonian poetics to indexical iconicity: the figuration of ‘denotational’ textuality in ‘interactional’ textuality; parallels to non-verbal ritual; the empirical search for ‘performative efficacy’ as the search for indexical-iconic entextualization.   Readings:  !Jakobson, Roman. Closing statement: Linguistics and poetics. In T. A. Sebeok (ed.), Style in language, 350-77.  Bauman, Richard & Briggs, Charles. Poetics and performance as critical perspectives on language and social life. Annual Review of Anthropology 19.59-88 (1990).  *Sebeok, Thomas A. The structure and content of Cheremis charms. In Dell Hymes (ed.), Language in Culture and Society [LiCS], 356-71.  *Keenan [=Ochs], Elinor. A sliding sense of obligatoriness: the poly-structure of Malagasy oratory. Language in Society [LinS] 2.225-44 (1973).  */!Tambiah, Stanley J. !Form and meaning in magical acts. In idem, Culture, thought, and social action, 62-86. *A performative approach to ritual, 123-66.  Parmentier, Richard. The political function of reported speech. SiS, 70-97.  !Caton, Steven C. ‘Salaam taHiiiya’: Greetings from the highlands of Yemen. American Ethnologist [AE] 13.290-308 (1986).  Janowitz, Naomi. Parallelism and framing devices in a late antique ascent text. In SeM, 155-75.  Hanks, William F. Exorcism and the description of participant roles. In NHD, 160-200.  *Bauman, Richard. Transformations of the word in the production of Mexican festival drama. In NHD, 301-27.
Jan 20,22	‘Forces’, ‘intentions’, ‘implicatures’ in denotationalist (referentialist) ideologies of language effectiveness-in-context. Attempts to reduce the  determination of interactional text-events in accordance with folk ideologies of sentence-focused propositional representationalism. Austin’s and Searle’s "speech acts" and "locutionary," "illocutionary,"and "perlocutionary" "forces" and component fractional "acts" in relation to a semiotic reconstruction. Gricean "non-natural meaning" and the doctrine of communicable "intentions" with respect to interlocutors’ "recognition-of-intent[ion]s"; the invocation of so-called "implicature" to rescue the reconstruction of discursive interaction as propositional mutuality through inter-intensional "cooperation." Confrontation of these folk theories with empirical data and with semiotic analysis. Comparison of "forces," etc. with other cultures’ folk-ideologies of verbal efficacy.  Readings:  *Lyons, LS, ch. 8; ch. 9, sec. 9.4-9.6.  Levinson, Stephen C. Pragmatics, chh. 3; !5.  *Austin, John L. How to do things with words, lectures 1-2, 5, 7-8, 11-12.  !Searle, John R. Speech acts, ch. 3.  *Grice, H. Paul. Logic and conversation. In, idem, Studies in the way of words, ch. 2, 22-40. Meaning, ch. 14, 213-23. Meaning revisited, ch. 18, 283-303.  !Hancher, Michael. The classification of cooperative illocutionary acts. LinS 8.1-14 (1979).  *Ervin-Tripp, Susan. Is Sybil there? The structure of American English directives. LinS 5.25-66 (1976).  !Goodwin, Charles & Goodwin, Marjorie H. Assessments and the construction of context. In RC, 151-89.  Benveniste, Emile. Delocutive verbs. In idem, Problems of general linguistics [vol. 1 = PGL], ch. 23.  Silverstein, Michael. The three faces of ‘function’: Preliminaries to a psychology of language. In Maya Hickmann (ed.), Social and functional approaches to language and thought, 17-38.  !Rosaldo, Michelle Z. The things we do with words: Ilongot speech acts and speech act theory. LinS 11.203-37 (1982).  Duranti, Alessandro. Intentions, self, and responsibility: An essay in Samoan ethnopragmatics. In Jane H. Hill & Judith T. Irvine, eds., Responsibility and evidence in oral discourse, ch. 1.  Du Bois, John W. Meaning without intention: Lessons from divination. Ibid., ch. 2.  Haviland, John B. Text from talk in Tzotzil. In NHD, 45-78.  !Brown, Michael F. The role of words in Aguaruna hunting magic. AE 11.545-58 (1984).  Peek, Philip M. The sounds of silence: Cross-world communication and the auditory arts in African societies. AE 21.474-94 (1994).
Jan 27, 29	Subjectivity in discursive interaction, identity across interactional events. How "subjectivity" seems to be precipitated through indexicality and more specific deictic reference and predicational modalization, seen as metapragmatic ‘calibration’ of denotational text-to-context. (Types of calibration: reportive/reflexive/nomic.) Identity as regularity of such precipitated subjectivity: Bakhtin’s construction of ‘voicing’ in relation to interests of social "identities." The reported (narrated) and the reporting events as ‘framed’ (pragmatic) and ‘framing’ (metapragmatic) in reflexive calibration; Goffman’s "footing" of subjective role-inhabitance in relation to denotational text. Role-inhabitance as dependent (emergent) variable.  Readings:  !Lyons, John. LS, ch. 10.  */!/ Benveniste, Emile. *The nature of pronouns. In Problems of General Linguistics [PGL], vol. 1, ch. 20; !On subjectivity in language, ch. 21; Temporal relations in the French verb, ch. 19.  *Jakobson, Roman. Shifters, verbal categories and the Russian verb, secs. 1-2. In idem, Selected writings, vol. 2, 130-36.  *Irvine, Judith T. Shadow conversations: The indeterminacy of participant roles. In NHD, 131-59.  !Mertz, Elizabeth. Recontextualization as socialization: Text and pragmatics in the law school classroom. In NHD, 229-49.  !Schiffrin, Deborah. Jewish argument as sociability. LinS 13.311-35 (1984).  Lee, David A., & Peck, Jennifer J. Troubled waters: Argument as sociability revisited. LinS 24.29-52.  Wortham, Stanton E. F. Mapping participant deictics: A technique for discovering speakers’ footing. Journal of Pragmatics 25.331-48 (1996).  !Ochs, Elinor. Indexing gender. In RC, 335-58.  !Voloshinov, Valentin N. Marxism and the philosophy of language, pt. II, 43-106; pt. III, ch. 3, 125-40.  *Bakhtin, Mikhail M. Discourse in the novel. In idem, The dialogic imagination, 288-366 only.  *Goffman, Erving. Footing. Semiotica 25.1-29 (1979).  *Silverstein, Michael. The secret life of texts. In NHD, 81-105.  Cicourel, Aaron V. The interpenetration of communicative contexts: Examples from medical encounters. In RC, 291-310.
Feb 3, 5	Communicating locally and bulding global intersubjectivity: the realtime dynamics of everyday conversation. The problem of discursive-interactional coherence seen through the lens of turn sequencing, turn-type transitions, and the unlimited post-hoc defeasibility of "do[ing] things with words." Coherence as poetic (ritualized) cohesion-structures; demonstrating the ‘minimax’ nature of threshold coherences in the way that deictically-anchored denotational meanings are projected into an iconic-indexical (hence, reflexively calibrated) interactional text.  Readings:  *Levinson, Stephen C. Pragmatics, ch. 6.  !Schegloff, Emanuel. In another context. In RC, 193-227.  Gumperz, John J. Contextualization and understanding. In RC, 230-52.  Gumperz, John J. Discourse strategies, chh. 6-7, 130-71.  *Goffman, Erving. Replies and responses. LinS 5.257-313 (1976).  Merritt, Marilyn. On questions following questions in service encounters. LinS 5.315-57 (1976).  !Silverstein, Michael. Metapragmatic discourse and metapragmatic function. In John Lucy (ed.), Reflexive language, 33-58.  *Silverstein, Michael. The improvisational performance of ‘culture’ in realtime discursive practice. To appear in Keith Sawyer (ed.), Creativity in performance. ms.  Rains, Claude. "You die for life:" On the use of poetic devices in argumentation. LinS 21.253-76 (1992).
	Language as a Representational Semiotic
Feb 10, 12	Referring and modally predicating as achievements of denotational textuality’s modes of cohesion. The localizability of referential and predicational "chunks" of discourse in relation to the structural organization of languages: "discourse analysis." Mechanisms of introducing denotata as potential discourse referents; mechanisms of keeping track of referents (‘reference-maintenance’). Information structure seen as an incremental structure of "old" -- presupposed -- and "new" -- entailed -- characterizability conditions on referents. ‘Predication’ as the introduction of textually-consequential such conditions. ‘Referring’ as a "speech act."  Readings:  Lyons, John. LS, chh.5,6.  Levinson, Stephen. Pragmatics, sec. 2.2.4.  !Lyons, John. LS, chh. 5;6.  !Lyons, John. Semantics, ch. 7, 174-223 only.  *Searle, John R. Speech acts, ch. 4; ch. 7, sec. 7.2; ch.5, secs. 5.4-5.7.  *Putnam, Hilary. The meaning of ‘meaning’. In idem, Philosophical papers, vol. 2, 215-71.  Quine, Willard V. Ontological relativity. Journal of Philosophy 65.185-212 (1968), esp. pt. I.  */!Brown, Gillian & Yule, George. Discourse analysis, *ch.3, secs. 3.1-3.4; ch. 4; !ch.5, secs. 5.1-5.2; *ch. 6.
Feb 17,19	The multiple factors in denotation: the causal theory of reference and the functional analysis and description of word-types. Projection of indexical schemata onto the plane of representation; inherently metapragmatic ‘content’ (characterizability conditions on referents) of category-types. The cline of transparency across referential space; position of various word-category types in it. Proper names and the effect of individuation; cultural rules of use for ‘baptism’ and authorized ‘renvoi’ [="reference"] with proper names. Proper names vs. common nouns: the factor of linguistic structure in lexical categories; syntactic productivity of nominalization and the category of ‘abstract’ nouns.  Readings:  Lyons, John. LS, ch.2, sec. 2.0-2.3; ch.3  !Hanks, William F. The indexical ground of deictic reference. In RC, 46-76.  *Silverstein, Michael. Cognitive implications of a referential hierarchy. In Maya Hickmann (ed.), Social and function approaches to language and thought, 125-64.  Schegloff, Emanuel. Notes on conversational practice: Formulating place. In Pier P. Giglioli (ed.), Lanuage and social context, 95-135.  Evans-Pritchard, Edward E. Nuer modes of address. In LiCS, 221-7.  Suzman, Susan M. Names as pointers: Zulu personal naming practices. LinS 23.253-72 (1994).  *Basso, Keith. "Speaking with names:" Language and landscape among the Western Apache. In idem, Western Apache language and culture, ch. 7, 138-73; nn., 179-82.  *Murphy, Gregory L. Personal reference in English. LinS 17.317-49 (1988).  !Ervin-Tripp, Susan. Sociolinguistics. In LCaS, 300-314 only.  Allerton, D. J. Proper names and definite descriptions with the same reference: A pragmatic choice for language users. Journal of Pragmatics 25.621-33 (1996).
Feb 24, 26	(Saussurean) ‘sense’ and its analytic strategy: modeling ‘langue’ at the multiple intersection of dichotomies. The logic of the Saussurean arguments about etymological continuity vs. discontinuity, motivation vs. arbitrariness, relative vs. absolute, signification vs. value, lexical vs. grammatical, systemic ‘langue’ vs. realtime ‘parole’. Saussurean distributionalism (methodological "autonomism") vs. the quest for the nature of ‘sense’ in verbally coded conceptualization: Saussurean analogies and the ‘planes’ of analysis. Infinite productivity of analogies and the concept of ‘levels’ of analysis. Grammatical categories at the various ‘planes’ of Saussurean analysis; the irony of the discovery of (Saussurean) structure in sound. Boolean combinatorics of ‘features’ and the extensional/intensional distinction in the realm of ‘langue’. Combinatorics and lexicon at each plane and level.  Readings:  !/ Benveniste, Emile. Saussure after a half-century. In PGL, vol. 1, ch. 3; !The nature of the linguistic sign, ch. 4; !The levels of linguistic analysis, ch. 10.  Lyons, John. Semantics, vol. 1, ch. 8, secs. 8.1-8.3; 8.5-8.6.  *Saussure, Ferdinand de. Course of general linguistics, Intro., chh. 2-5; pt. I, chh. 1-2; pt. II.  Boas, Franz. Introduction to the Handbook of American Indian languages. In LCaS, 9-28.  *Sapir, Edward. Language, chh. 2, 4, 5.  Lyons, John. LS, ch.2, sec. 2.4-2.5.  !Sapir, Edward. Sound patterns in language. In D. G. Mandelbaum (ed.), Selected writings of Edward Sapir in language, culture, and personality, 33-45.  *Jakobson, Roman. Fundamentals of language, pt. I, Phonology and phonetics, pt. I, pt. II, secs. 2.1-2.3, pt. III, secs. 3.1-3.62, pt. IV, secs. 4.1-4.2.  *Whorf, Benjamin L. Grammatical categories. In John B. Carroll (ed.), Language, thought, and reality: Selected writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf [LTR], 87-101; Science and linguistics, 207-19; Languages and logic, 233-45.  Lucy, John A. Language diversity and thought, chh. 1-3, 11-83.
Mar 3,5	Calques of Saussurean structure within language and beyond. Attempts at ‘sense’ analyses without grammar; attempts at analyses of nonlinguistic semiotic structures without (distributional) value. Lexicological analogies to phonology: "ethnoscience" and the ‘-ological’ textual regimentation of propositional discourse in relation to the psychophysics analogy; componential analysis and the crossed analogies of ‘phoneme’ [=distributional point] and ‘feature’ [=intensional category]. Alleged "structural[ist] anthropology" as calque of phonology; its crossed metaphors and its ultimate binaristic reductions. Codes, categorizations, cognition, and methodological requirements of their semiotic study.   Readings:  *Lyons, John. LS, ch. 2, sec. 2.2-2.3; ch. 4.  !Lyons, John. Semantics, vol. 1, ch. 9, secs.9.1-9.5, 9.8-9.9.  *Tyler, Stephen A. Ordering functions and vocabulary structure. In idem, The said and the unsaid, 255-300.  *Frake, Charles O. The ethnographic study of cognitive systems. In LCaS, 125-42.  !Frake, Charles O. Notes on queries in ethnography. In Stephen A. Tyler (ed.), Cognitive anthropology [CA], 123-37.  Conklin, Harold C. Lexicographic treatment of folk taxonomies. In CA, 41-59.  *Lounsbury, Floyd. The structural analysis of kinship semantics. In CA, 193-212.  !Conklin, Harold C. Ethnogenealogical method. In CA, 93-122.  *Levi-Strauss, Claude. Structural analysis in linguistics and anthropology. In idem, Structural anthropology, vol. 1, ch.2; The structural study of myth, ibid., ch. 11.  !Levi-Strauss, Claude. Reflections on the atom of kinship. In idem, SA, vol. 2, ch. 7; Structure and form: reflections on a work by Vladimir Propp, ibid., ch. 8.
Mar 10, 12	The socio-semiotic production of ‘cultural’ concepts and the problem of cognitive universals and sociohistorically particulars. Whorf’s adumbration of the notion of emergent, sociocentric concepts: "time" in "Standard Average European" ‘misrecognitions’ of language and of discursive representationalism. Generalization of Whorf’s thesis. The psychophysical laboratory analogy of language-and-cognition: ‘color’ in the psychophysical space of ‘hue’-‘saturation’-‘brightness’ vs. cultural schematizations that intersect such perceptual distinctions. Berlin & Kay’s schematization of psychophysically-derived, lexically-coded prototypy in ‘color’ space and the sociocultural value of "color." Other ‘folk-intensionalizations’ that emerge from the ritually-grounded structure of social action. Whose concepts are "constructive"; whose pre-"cultural?"  Readings:  *Whorf, Benjamin Lee. The relation of habitual thought and behavior to language. LCaS, 64-84 [also, LTR, 134-59].  !Lucy, John A. Language diversity and thought, ch. 5, 127-87.  Hoijer, Harry. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. In LCaS, 113-24.  *Mehan, Hugh. The construction of an LD student: A case study in the politics of representation. In NHD, 253-76.  Collins, James. Socialization to text: Structure and contradiction in schooled literacy. In NHD, 203-28.  *Kay, Paul, & McDaniel, Chad. The linguistic significance of the meanings of basic color terms. Language 54.610-46 (1978).  !Kay, Paul, Berlin, Brent, & Merrifield, William. Biocultural implications of systems of color naming. LCaS, 456-69.  *Conklin, Harold C. Hanunoo color categories. In Dell Hymes (ed.), Language in culture and society, ch. 22, 189-92.  *Turton, David. There’s no such beast: Cattle and colour naming among the Mursi. Man 15.320-38 (1980).  *Tambiah, Stanley J. Animals are good to think and good to prohibit. In idem, Culture, thought, and social action, 169-211.

  
Each syllabi the intellectual property of the author.